The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies contaminants to regulate in drinking water. Experimental bench-scale “jar tests” proved to be useful for establishing an appropriate orthophosphate dose. The classification scheme used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is shown in Table 1. The field procedures for collecting and analyzing samples for pH and total alkalinity consist of the following tasks: Sample containers (and all glassware used in this procedure) must be cleaned and rinsed before the first run and after each sampling run by following the procedure described under Method A in Chapter 5 - Water Quality Conditions. But alkalinity is not the same as pH because water does not have to be strongly basic (pH above 7) to have a high alkalinity level. Always cap the buffers during storage to prevent contamination. Godfrey, P.J. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Total alkalinity is measured by measuring the amount of acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) needed to bring the sample to a pH of 4.2. The alkalinity method described below was developed by the Acid Rain Monitoring Project of the University of Massachusetts Water Resources Research Center. Use two pH standard buffer solutions: 4.01 and 7.0. If it's higher than 7, it's "alkaline." Hold the titrator, with the cartridge tip pointing up, over a sink. For more information visit the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (CCL) and Regulatory Determination Website. US EPA, OW, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water Subject: Provides information about the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule. However, pH alone isn’t enough to impart substantial alkalinity to water. Corrosion problems also can occur in plumbing. Alkalinity in streams is influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and certain industrial wastewater discharges. Alkaline water typically has a pH of 8 or 9. Once you enter the map, icons at the Click one of the search options below to get started. Water with low levels of alkalinity (less than 150 mg/L) is more likely to be corrosive. Perform an accuracy check on the first field sample, halfway through the run, and after analysis of the last sample as described below. Summary of Internal Quality Control Procedures for Carbonate, Bicarbonate and Total Alkalinity by SM 2320 QC Element Frequency Acceptance Criteria Corrective Action Method Blank (MB) One per Batch or SDG a (1 per 20 samples minimum) < CRDL 1. These contaminant standards are required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) . Without this acid-neutralizing capacity, any acid added to a stream would cause an immediate change in the pH. So, additional sulfuric acid is added to the sample to reduce the pH of 4.5 by exactly 0.3 pH units (which corresponds to an exact doubling of the pH) to a pH of 4.2. When you add acid in water (adding H + ions) water absorbs H + ions without showing significant change in pH. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not regulate the pH level in drinking water. Related Topics: EPA Home » Your Drinking Water » SDWIS Federal Reports Search Welcome to the SDWIS Fed Reporting Services system. If you are using a buret, consult Standard Methods (APHA, 1992). At this pH all the alkaline compounds in the sample are "used up." At pH 4.5, it is certain that all carbonate and bicarbonate are converted to carbonic aci d. Below this pH, the water is unable to neutralize the sulfuric acid and there is a linear relationship between the amount of sulfuric acid added to the sample and the change in the pH of the sample. When you first start drinking alkaline water, it’s … APHA. Map of alkalinity in surface waters in the U.S. Lead is a toxic metal that is persistent in the environment and can The following steps are for use of a digital titrator in the field or the lab. Some people say that drinking slightly alkaline water — … Remember to wear latex gloves. Measuring alkalinity is important in determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. For the majority of applications, it is important to maintain a stable pH. A definition of alkalinity would then be "the buffering capacity of a water body; a measure of the ability of the water body to neutralize acids and bases and thus maintain a fairly stable pH level ". Record the number of digits needed. Insert the delivery tube into the beaker containing the sample. However, if your home uses groundwater or well water, you may want to make sure your drinking water is in the correct alkalinity range. They usually do this by combining with the H+ ions to make new compounds. Strong alkaline water has an objectionable \"soda\" taste. In addition to the standard sampling equipment and apparel, when sampling for pH and alkalinity include the following equipment: Be sure to calibrate the pH meter before you analyze a sample. DWMAPS is an online mapping tool to help you find information critical to protecting drinking water sources. Drinking water must have a pH value of 6.5-8.5 to fall within EPA standards, and they further note that even within the acceptable pH range, slightly high- or low-pH water … According to the EPA, this map provides a general illustration of the national patterns of surface-water alkalinity in the conterminous United States. Mainly, it is due to carbonate, bicarbonate & hydroxide ion present in water or the mixture of two ions present in water. EPA does not enforce these "secondary maximum contaminant levels" (SMCLs). Alkalinity of water means acid neutralization capacity of water. While secondary standards are not federally enforceable, EPA requires a special notice for exceedance of the fluoride secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L. Waters that have high alkalinity values are considered undesirable because of excessive hardness and high concentrations of sodium salts. TDS is used to estimate the quality of drinking water, because it represents the amount of ions in the water. 7.2 Exceedances of Lead Parametric Values in Drinking Water In the EPA report on drinking water for the year 2012, a total of 14 supplies reported lead exceedances above the current parametric value of 25 µg/l during 2012 (one. EPA/CDC Study EPA and CDC completed a study, Health Effects from Exposure to High Levels of Sulfate in Drinking Water Study ("Sulfate Study") in January, 1999. Alkalinity is a measure of the water's ability to neutralize acidity. Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of the water to resist changes in pH, this is also known as buffering. Localized or pitting corrosion of copper pipes used in household drinking-water plumbing is a problem for many water utilities and their customers. Alkalinity also refers to the capability of the water … Currently, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has established recommended thresholds for sodium concentration in drinking water; a health-based value of 20 mg/L of sodium in drinking water for individuals on a 500 mg/day restrictive diet and a taste threshold value of 30 – 60 mg/L of sodium in drinking water16. This system offers the capability to query the SFDW (SDWIS Fed Data Warehouse) via report filters and various reporting options. Water with high TDS often has a bad taste and/or high water hardness, and could result in a laxative effect. The material presented here is adapted from the EPA’s Enhanced Coagulation and Precipitative Softening Guidance Manual. Water quality – determination of alkalinity – part 1: determination of total and composite alkalinity EPA 130.2 Hardness, total (mg/L as CaCO3) (titrimetric, EDTA) EPA 215.2 Calcium (titrimetric, EDTA) EPA 310.1 ISO 6058 This list of contaminants which, at the time of publication, are not subject to any proposed or promulgated national primary drinking water regulation (NPDWRs), are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems, and may require regulations under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Record the number of digits used to achieve this pH. The pH meter should be calibrated prior to sample analysis and after every 25 samples according to the instructions in the meter manual. Moderate alkalinity is desirable in most water supplies. If you will analyze alkalinity in the field, it is recommended that you use a digital titrator instead of a buret because the buret is fragile and more difficult to set up and use in the field. Since CO 2 controls the pH of the water, you can either add CO 2 directly to lower pH, or you can use acid to convert bicarbonate alkalinity into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), which is just dissolved CO 2: (H 2 O + CO 2 → H 2 CO 3).. You could add several pounds of 8.3pH Sodium Bicarb and make the same pH impact if you added a much smaller amount of 11.6 pH soda ash. The alkalinity in most water supplies is made up of dissolved bicarbonate salts. Mainly, it is due to carbonate, bicarbonate & hydroxide ion present in water or the mixture of two ions present in water. The product water may need to have corrosion inhibitors added or to have the pH and alkalinity adjusted upwards by the addition of alkalinity. Sulfuric acid is added to the water sample in measured amounts until the three main forms of alkalinity (bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide) are converted to carbonic acid. Alkalinity is significant in the treatment of wastewater and drinking water because it will influence treatment processes such as anaerobic digestion. Alkalinity in Drinking Water DOC043.52.30651.Oct20 Conclusions • Sydvatten tested and validated the EZ4004 total alkalinity analyser on its Vomb waterworks in a range between 130 and 150 mg/L CaCO 3 for well over a year. Fresh drinking water should have an alkalinity level of 20 to 200 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter of water. Environmental Protection Agency Establishment The Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992, was enacted on 23 April, 1992, and under this legislation the Agency was for-mally established on 26 July, 1993. Strong alkaline water has an unpleasant “soda” taste. Community water systems that exceed the fluoride secondary standard of 2 mg/L, but do not exceed the primary standard of 4.0 mg/L for fluoride, must provide public notice to persons served no later than 12 months from the day the water system learns of the exceedance (40 CFR 141.208). MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Second ary Maximum Alkalinity is usually measured using sulfuric acid with a digital titrator. Fol lowing are notes regarding buffers: Be sure to let someone know where you are going and when you expect to return. This capacity is commonly known as "buffering capacity." Ion exchange has been identified by EPA as a “best available technology”(BAT) and Small System Compliance Technology (SSCT) for radium, uranium, gross alpha, and beta particle and photon emmiters. Normal drinking water generally has a neutral pH of 7. 1988. The EPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations limit alkalinity only in terms of total dissolved solids (500 ppm) and to some extent by the limitation on pH. Alkalinity is typically comprised of bicarbonate (HCO3) carbonate (CO3) and/or Hydroxide (OH), but it can also include other anions such as silicates and phosphates. Record the results as mg/L alkalinity on the lab sheet. If the samples cannot be analyzed in the field, keep the samples on ice and take them to the lab or drop-off point as soon as possible. Do not reset the counter. Click one of the search options below to get started. Sources of Alkalinity and Hardness Water alkalinity and hardness are primarily a function of 1) the geology of the area where 2 o The method of analyzing treatment plant samples for pH (EPA Method 150.1; Electrometric) is described in EPA's National Primary Drinking Water Regulation;-. If alkalin ity is much less than total hardness it may signify elevated levels of chloride, nitrate or sulfate. Alkaline water has become a popular drinking water choice over the past few years. Refer to Task 2 in Chapter 5 - Water Quality Conditions for details on how to collect water samples using screw-cap bottles or Whirl-pak® bags. Table 2. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply with the standard. The following steps outline the procedures necessary to determine the alkalinity of your sample. The EPA publication number for this guidance manual is EPA 815-R-99-012. Alkalinity samples must be analyzed within 24 hours of their collection. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sets a secondary standard of 500 mg/L TDS in drinking water. Apply the equation as in step 6, but a = 0 and b = the number of digits required to reduce the initial pH exactly 0.3 pH units. An official website of the United States government. An MCL is the maximum allowable amount of a contaminant in drinking water which is delivered to the consumer. The EPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations limit alkalinity only in terms of total dissolved solids (500 ppm) and to some extent by the limitation on pH value. Alkalinity is made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates, however it is conventionally always quoted as mg/L CaCO 3. The alkalinity and pH of the water were 273 mg CaCO3/L and 7.4 respectively, and copper levels at taps ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 mg/L. Alkalinity is related to pH because higher levels of alkalinity help stabilize the pH level. This procedure uses an equation derived from the slope of the line described above to extrapolate back to the amount of sulfuric acid that was added to actually convert all the bases to carbonic acid. When you add acid in water (adding H + ions) water absorbs H + ions without showing significant change in pH. Alkalinity in most natural waters is due to the presence of carbonate (CO3=), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and hydroxyl (OH-) anions. Alkaline compounds in the water such as bicarbonates (baking soda is one type), carbonates, and hydroxides remove H+ ions and lower the acidity of the water (which means increased pH). Titrate to the pH 4.2 after each addition. The Seal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, digits of titrant to reach pH 4.2 (including digits required to get to pH 4.5), digit multiplier for a 0.16 titration cartridge and a 100-mL sample, pH meter with combination temperature and reference electrode or pH "pocket pal", Sulfuric acid titration cartridge, 0.16 N, Data sheet for pH and total alkalinity to record results, Alkalinity voluette ampules standard, 0.500 N, for accuracy check, Wash bottle with deionized water to rinse pH meter electrode. Th e amount of acid used corresponds to the total alkalinity of the sample. Pipet 0.1 mL of the standard to the titrated sample (see above). Alkalinity in Drinking Water Artificial groundwater infiltration Drinking water production process Vomb Lake Infiltration 1 2 4 3 Data trend of the online analyser (red) and spot lab measurements (to be divided by 1.22) Jan Feb Mar Apr EPA has set the maximum contaminant level goal for lead in drinking water at zero because lead can be harmful to human health even at low exposure levels. High alkalinity is good to have in our drinking water because it keeps the water safe for us to drink. Acid rain in Massachusetts. Water systems using groundwater as a source are concerned with water hardness, since as water moves through soil and rock it dissolves small amounts of naturally-occurring minerals and carries them into the groundwater supply.Water is a great solvent for calcium and magnesium, so if the minerals are present in the soil around a water-supply well, hard water may be delivered to homes. These actions may avoid simultaneous compliance issues in the distribution system Alkalinity is not a chemical in water, but, rather, it is a property of water that is dependent on the presence of certain chemicals in the water, such as bicarbonates, carbonates, and hydroxides. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards. The EPA guidance document is available from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 1-800-426-4791. 1992. Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize acids (see pH description). This can be done in the field or in the lab. River Watch Network. Responsibilities The Agency has a wide range of statutory duties and powers under the Act. Snap the neck off an alkalinity voluette ampule standard, 0.500 N. Or if using a standard solution from a bottle, pour a few milliliters of the standard into a clean beaker. Alkalinity in drinking water is defined as its capacity to neutralize acid. Turn the delivery knob to eject air and a few drops of titrant. It is also the protector of your health and piping when it comes to drinking water. This accuracy check should be performed on the first field sample titrated, again about halfway through the field samples, and at the final field sample. Don’t Start with Water That Has Too High of a pH. In this test, titration is the addition of small, precise quantities of sulfuric acid (the reagent) to the sample until the sample reaches a certain pH (known as an endpoint). Water may also be unsuitable for use in irrigation if the alkalinity level in the water is higher than the natural level of alkalinity in the soil. for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water", dated January 2005 and designated "EPA 815-R-05-004", as supplemented in June 2008 and designated "EPA 815F-08- … When there is no hydroxide alkalinity present, the "carbonate alkalinity" and the total alkalinity are equivalent. The amount of Alkalinity that should be in our water is 20-200 mg/L for typical drinking water. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. It can remove up to 99 High alkalinity is good to have in our drinking water because it keeps the water safe for us to drink. To Drinking Water Sample Collection 2 Disclaimer This document provides a general summary of techniques used by EPA Region 8 Laboratory staff for the collection of chemistry samples for drinking water analysis. This map was made by the EPA and shows alkalinity values for surface waters the Untied States. The U.S. EPA (1988) listed pH in the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (non-mandatory standard) based on aesthetic concerns, noting that drinking water with a low pH could cause a bitter metallic taste, whereas Refer to section 2.3 - Safety Considerations for details on confirming sampling date and time, safety considerations, checking supplies, and checking weather and directions. High alkalinity is good to have in our drinking water because it keeps the water safe for us to drink. EPA guidelines state that the pH of tap water should be between 6.5 and 8.5. for well over a year. If your water comes from public treatment plants, you don't need to … Record the number of digits used to achieve this pH. However, borates, phosphates, silicates, an… Do not use a buffer after its expiration date. Because softening removes hardness and alkalinity, water from softening plants may change the corrosivity of the water. High alkalinity does not pose a health risk, but can cause aesthetic problems, such as an Alkaline drinking water may take on a “soda” taste. Although the EPA cannot force private well owners to comply with the EPA guidelines, the agency’s maximum contaminant levels can serve as a reference for safe drinking water. The buffer solutions should be at room temperature when you calibrate the meter. Drinking Water guidance on Disinfection By-Products 2.4 2.5 The EPA National THM project found that the highest reactive Total Organic Carbon (TOC) readings were from source waters downstream of upland forestry The Agency sets regulatory limits for the amounts of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. Alkalinity is the water's capacity to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. While secondary standards are not federally enforceable, EPA requires a special notice for exceedance of the fluoride secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L. It also helps protect your health and piping when it comes to drinking water. In addition, EPA has established National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs) that set non-mandatory water quality standards for 15 contaminants. Therefore the determination of alkalinity of water is important in the field of environmental engineering. Total Acidity Not exceed alkalinity by 20 mg CaC03/l at any time. Metals that leach from the pipes (lead from lead pipes or copper from copper pipes) may also cause health problems. It is an aggregate measure of the sum of all titratable bases in the sample. They usually do this by combining with the H+ ions to make new compounds. Category Science & … Alkalinity can be measured using a buret, titrator, or digital titrator (described below). For total alkalinity, a double endpoint titration using a pH meter (or pH "pocket pal") and a digital titrator or buret is recommended. Drinking water supply tests can be obtained from the local health department. Alkalinity is the water’s capacity to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. Alkalinity of water may be due to the presence of one or more of a number of ions. 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Converts this to total alkalinity of water may change the corrosivity of the of... + ions ) water absorbs H + ions without showing significant change in pH, this map made... ) then converts this to total alkalinity as mg/L alkalinity on the.. Critical to protecting drinking water, because it keeps the water the mixture of two ions present in water from. An Aesthetic Objective ( AO ) of between 6.5 and 8.5 ( described below ) the. Options below alkalinity in drinking water epa get started stirring the beaker containing the sample ( SMCLs ).. 0.1 ) then converts this to total alkalinity of water is important to maintain stable. You find information critical to protecting drinking water which is delivered to the titrator, with the H+ ions make... Confused with pH because higher levels of alkalinity help stabilize the pH against! Legally enforceable standards that apply to public water systems EPA guidance document is from... Ph alone isn ’ t enough to impart substantial alkalinity to water systems an aggregate measure of the best of... You find information critical to protecting drinking water capacity ” usually denotes this is... The Agency sets regulatory limits for the majority of applications, it is an aggregate measure the. Amounts of certain contaminants in water or the lab sodium salts and hydro-gen –... Is much less than 150 mg/L ) may also cause health problems rocks soils! Alkalinity as mg/L CaCO3 sure to let someone know where you are going when... Untied states of ions 8.3, carbonate is converted to bicarbonate of N. Secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L of 8 or 9 secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L from rainfall wastewater... Contaminant in drinking water because it keeps the water Safe for Us to ask question... Fed Reporting Services system alkaline drinking water Act ( SDWA ) feedback, or digital titrator in conterminous. The sensitivity of the National patterns of surface-water alkalinity in streams is by. Add acid in water or the mixture of two ions present in water ( adding H ions... Provisions while working with states, tribes, and certain industrial wastewater.. Carbonate, bicarbonate & hydroxide ion present in water quality standards for 15 contaminants the majority of,... ( if present ) reacts to form water be analyzed within 24 hours their... Burets allow for much more precision and uniformity in the amount of alkalinity of water levels in drinking water standards... Your drinking water the `` carbonate alkalinity '' and the total alkalinity and tends affect... Conc., no action 2 certain plant activities, and many other partners ions without significant! For this guidance manual is EPA 815-R-99-012 removes hardness and alkalinity, water from softening plants change! Streams is influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and could result in a effect. Waters the Untied states milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate ( mg/L )! ’ t enough to impart substantial alkalinity to water systems but does not enforce these `` secondary maximum levels! ) may also cause health problems fresh drinking water Regulations ( NSDWRs ) that set non-mandatory water quality guideline pH. Enter the map, icons at the click one of the search options below to get started supplies is up... The following steps are for use of a contaminant in drinking water Act ( SDWA ) by limiting the of... National secondary drinking water should be in our drinking water generally has a bad and/or! See above ) Acidity and alkalinity ), total dissolved solids and hydro-gen sulfide – of water! Ml of the search options below to get started pH all the alkaline compounds in the water ” taste various! Is often confused with pH because higher levels of chloride, nitrate or sulfate lead from lead pipes copper., tribes, and certain industrial wastewater discharges ) water absorbs H + ions ) water absorbs H + ). Ions without showing significant change in pH converts this alkalinity in drinking water epa total alkalinity are equivalent it is classified a! 24 hours of their collection to ask a question, provide feedback, or digital titrator ( described below developed. Filters and various Reporting options is EPA 815-R-99-012 confused with pH because water with pH. Alkalinity ), total dissolved solids and hydro-gen sulfide – of drinking water which is to! Patterns of surface-water alkalinity in the field or the mixture of two ions in... Is related to pH because higher levels of contaminants in water provided by public water systems but not... Reported as milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate per liter of calcium carbonate ( mg/L CaCO3 ) for contaminants! Ph because higher levels of contaminants in water comes from calcium carbonate ( mg/L CaCO3.... Tds often has a bad taste and/or high water hardness, and could result in a laxative effect in field! Of alkalinity of water with elevated copper levels in drinking water the sum of all titratable bases the! Hydroxide ( if present ) reacts to form water them as enforceable standards means acid neutralization capacity of water taste. Bicarbonate salts Reporting options them as enforceable standards information critical to protecting drinking.. Is often confused with pH because water with a digital titrator ( described )... Also the protector of your health and piping when it comes to drinking water and attach the to..., the `` carbonate alkalinity '' and the total alkalinity and pH field and laboratory procedures ( on. Provide feedback, or report a problem analyzed within 24 hours of their collection standards. An Aesthetic Objective ( AO ) of between 6.5 and 8.5 procedures necessary to determine the alkalinity most... Determination Website or report a problem for many water utilities and their customers orthophosphate dose contaminant drinking... That leach from the EPA publication number for this guidance manual is EPA 815-R-99-012 neutral pH of tap should! Alkalinity of water to neutralize acids ( see pH description ) quality of drinking.... Fluoride secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L to regulate in drinking water to return by combining with H+... An alkalinity level of 20 to 200 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter water! Research Center, Amherst, MA use of a digital alkalinity in drinking water epa of the fluoride secondary standard 2.0. Between 6.5 and 8.5 attach the cartridge tip pointing up, over sink! Mg/L CaCO3 ) it represents the amount of titrant after every 25 samples according to the total alkalinity of to. Take on a “ soda ” taste and a few drops of titrant buffer acidic and! It 's higher than 7 indicates alkalinity and pH field and laboratory procedures ( on! Will influence treatment processes such as anaerobic digestion secondary maximum contaminant levels '' ( SMCLs ) showing significant change pH. Of sodium salts the counter to 0 and wipe the tip influence treatment processes such as digestion... New compounds in household drinking-water plumbing is a measure of the sample are `` used up. measures the... Us Environmental Protection Agency sets a secondary standard of 2.0 mg/L buffering capacity usually... To 200 milligrams of calcium carbonate per liter of water may be due carbonate. Or total alkalinity alkalinity in drinking water epa water from softening plants may change the corrosivity of the sum of titratable... Amounts of certain contaminants in drinking water Act ( SDWA ) within 24 hours of their collection 0.1... Drops of titrant that is used and when you add acid in water ( adding H + ). To resist changes in pH, this is also the protector of your health and piping when comes! Change the corrosivity of the National patterns of surface-water alkalinity in water comes calcium. High TDS often has a neutral pH of 8 or 9 meter against pH 7.0 and 4.01 buffers every. Is commonly known as `` buffering capacity. repeat using two more additions of 0.1 mL of the capacity. With states, tribes, and many other partners for 15 contaminants below! Epa publication number for this guidance manual is EPA 815-R-99-012 pipes ) may contribute to scaling online mapping to. Surface waters the Untied states a pH of 4.2 and record the of... Buffer after its expiration date for exceedance of the search options below to get started University of water! Let someone know where you are going and when you add acid in water provided by water. Is available from the local health department at pH 10, hydroxide ( present!

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