[12], The English translation of the complete Nahuatl text of all twelve volumes of the Florentine Codex was a decades-long work of Arthur J.O. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. 14, Part VIII, eds. [1] [1] After a translation mistake, it was given the name Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva España. Anderson and Charles Dibble,[13] an important contribution to the scholarship on Mesoamerican ethno-history. We'll be returning to Mexico today. Nahautl, language of the Aztecs, spoken in Central Mexico and indigenous to Mesoamerica. [42], H. B. Nicholson, "Fray Bernardino De Sahagún: A Spanish Missionary in New Spain, 1529-1590," in, José Fernando Ramírez, "Códices majicanos de fr. This is the scientific research strategy to document the beliefs, behavior, social roles and relationships, and worldview of another culture, and to explain these within the logic of that culture. Here is a more complete definition of transcription: Transcription. It is not unique as a chronicle of encountering the New World and its peoples, for there were others in this era. Although many of the images show evidence of European influence, a careful analysis by one scholar posits that they were created by "members of the hereditary profession of tlacuilo or native scribe-painter. Now this belief led to the first ethnographic efforts in the new world and the creation of the Florentine Codex. Sahagún was among the first people to develop an array of strategies for gathering and validating knowledge of indigenous New World cultures. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Images," p. 279. Most of the Florentine Codex is alphabetic text in Nahuatl and Spanish, but its 2,000 pictures provide vivid images of sixteenth-century New Spain. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Imagery," p. 277. Thank you very much for joining me today. 218-220 in Florence, Italy, with the title Florentine Codex chosen by its English translators, Americans Arthur J.O. The information is useful for a wider understanding of the history of botany and the history of zoology. The text describes it as a "forest, garden, orchard of the Mexican language. REP104_10 10/29/08 12:04 … A branch of anthropology that deals with scientific study of human cultures. 218-220 in Florence, Italy, with the title Florentine Codex chosen by its English translators, Arthur J.O. She did this by analyzing the different ways that forms of body were drawn, such as the eyes, profile, and proportions of the body. He undertook a comparative evaluation of information, drawing from multiple sources, in order to determine the degree of confidence with which he could regard that information. ", D. Robertson, "The Sixteenth Century Mexican Encyclopedia of Fray Bernardino de Sahagún,". [ 1 ] "[40] It describes the Aztec cultural understanding of the animals, birds, insects, fish and trees in Mesoamerica. In 1979, the Mexican government published a full-color, three-volume facsimile of the Florentine Codex in a limited edition of 2,000, allowing scholars to have easier access to the manuscript. [24] The images in the Florentine Codex were created as an integral element of the larger work. The first few interlinear blocks of lines in BN1 (“Bernardin Nageon de l’Estang paper #1″) look like this: FC: [l'an III de la République] RC: Je pars m’enrôler et défendre la patrie. He structured his inquiry by using questionnaires, but also could adapt to using more valuable information shared with him by other means. credit transfer. Florentine Codex, Book 12, Ch 01. Because of this, scholars have concluded that Sahagún used a series of questionnaires to structure his interviews and collect data.[20]. Ethnography, a branch of anthropology, that deals with scientific study of human cultures. Several different artists' hands have been identified, and many questions about their accuracy have been raised. Today's objectives, the things you're going to learn today, are listed below. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. It was not until the lat… It was an important collection of the accumulated knowledge, history and culture of the people of Mesoamerica. He adapted the project to the ways in which Aztec culture recorded and transmitted knowledge. He developed a methodology with the following elements: These methodological innovations substantiate historians' claim that Sahagún was the first anthropologist. The digital version of the codex is expected to launch in 2021, with an e-book focusing on book 12 slated to be released the same year. [29] Art historian Diana Magaloni Kerpel deduced that twenty-two artists worked on the images in the Codex. Because of this Sahagun was careful in his attempts to preserve this knowledge in their own language in the way that they understood it. Other parts clearly reflect a consistent set of questions presented to different people designed to elicit specific information. [10], The three-volume manuscript of the Florentine Codex has been intensely analyzed and compared to earlier drafts found in Madrid. Alejandra Moreno Toscano, director) supervised the project that was published by the Secretariat of the Interior (Prof. Enrique Olivares Santana, Secretary). [28] Scholars have concluded that several artists, of varying skill, created the images. Hello. Diverse voices, views, and opinions are expressed in these 2,400 pages, and the result is a document that is sometimes contradictory. So that's the end of our short lesson. The Ceremonies. "[15] He compared its body of knowledge to that needed by a physician to cure the "patient" suffering from idolatry. To describe and explain ancient Indigenous religion, beliefs, practices, deities. Arthur J. O. Anderson (1907-1996) was renowned for his and Charles E.Dibble's translation of the Florentine Codex by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 238. And this notion of variety carries over into the drawings as well, which incorporate both indigenous and Western pictorial traditions, and were completed by many different artists. The Spanish also had earlier drafts in their archives. James Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the Nahuatl and its translation to English. This was to help friars and others understand this "idolatrous" religion in order to evangelize the Aztecs. Sophia partners About prayers to their gods, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and theology in the same context. Other sections include data on minerals, mining, bridges, roads, types of terrain, and food crops. Sahagun also obtained information from a variety of sources, including both men and women, people from different social classes, and people of different professions. Big idea for today, the Florentine Codex is one of the very first examples of ethnography. The final version of the Florentine Codex was completed in 1569. ... who can consult the Nahuatl transcription. "[41] Foremost in his own mind, Sahagún was a Franciscan missionary, but he may also rightfully be given the title as Father of American Ethnography. Now known as the Florentine Codex (for the city of its owner library, the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana), its composition among Mesoamerican codices is unique. The Florentine Codex is one of the most remarkable social science research projects ever conducted. This article features the transcription, translation, and analysis of two primordial titles, written in the Mixtec and Nahuatl languages, and a large map. Florentine Codex (FC) This is the highest quality source we have available on Aztec philosophy. and alphabetic transcription of Nahuatl, there is a common ground, or at least the scribe anticipated some understanding of the enclosed forms on 104 REPRESENTATIONS FIGURE 2. About properties of animals, birds, fish, trees, herbs, flowers, metals, and stones, and about colors. 2. The three bound volumes of the Florentine Codex are found in the Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Palat. Ethnography requires scholars to practice empathy with persons very different from them, and to try to suspend their own cultural beliefs in order to enter into, understand, and explain the worldview of those living in another culture. Essentially it is three integral texts: (1) in Nahuatl; (2) a Spanish text; (3) pictorials. Language of the Aztecs, spoken in Central Mexico and indigenous to Mesoamerica. Florentine Codex. For a history of this scholarly work, see Miguel León-Portilla, Howard F. Cline, "Evolution of the Historia General" in, López Austin, "The Research Method of Fray Bernardino De Sahagún: The Questionnaires. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. The Tolosa Manuscript (Códice Castellano de Madrid) was known in the 1860s and studied by José Fernando Ramírez[11] The Tolosa Manuscript has been source for all published editions in Spanish of the Historia General. Scholars have speculated that Sahagún was involved in the creation of the Badianus Manuscript, an herbal created in 1552 that has pictorials of medicinal plants and their uses. [7] The work became more generally known in the nineteenth century, with a description published by P. Fr. The Florentine Codex is the common name given to a 16th century ethnographic research project in Mesoamerica by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. The Gods. *No strings attached. This work follows the organizational logic found in medieval encyclopedias, in particular the 19-volume De proprietatibus rerum of Sahagún's fellow Franciscan Friar Bartholomew the Englishman. The People. It is 12 volumes, but the English standard edition starts … [31] European elements appear in the imagery, as well as pre-Conquest images done in the "native style". [18], Scholars have proposed several classical and medieval worldbook authors who inspired Sahagún, such as Aristotle, Pliny, Isidore of Seville, and Bartholomew the Englishman. This college course is 100% free and is worth 1 semester credit. 37 This encyclopedic book in twelve volumes, each with dozens of short chapters, represents an early collaboration between Aztec and Spanish ethnographers. Sahagún systematically gathered knowledge from a range of diverse persons (now known as informants in anthropology), who were recognized as having expert knowledge of Aztec culture. For analysis of the pictures and the artists, see several contributions to John Frederick Schwaller, ed., Alfredo López Austin, "Sahagún's Work and the Medicine of the Ancient Nahuas: Possibilities for Study," in. Eloise Quiñones Keber, "Reading Images: The Making and Meaning of the Sahaguntine Illustrations," in. About general history: it explains vices and virtues, spiritual as well as bodily, of all manner of persons. Some passages appear to be the transcription of spontaneous narration of religious beliefs, society or nature. Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. What is the (trader, artisan) called and why? James Lockhart, ed. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Imagery," p. 274. By the end of the lesson today you'll be able to identify and define today's key terms, explain how the Florentine Codex is one of the first examples of ethnography, and identify pages from the Florentine Codex. Some of these images directly support the alphabetic text; others are thematically related; others are for seemingly decorative purposes. [6], The manuscript became part of the collection of the library in Florence at some point after its creation in the late sixteenth century. Additionally, Magaloni studied the different artists' treatments of lines. Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble (Santa Fe and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah, 1961), 6. The Codex Xolotl (also known as Codicé Xolotl) is a postconquest cartographic Aztec codex, thought to have originated before 1542. Some sections of text report Sahagún's own narration of events or commentary. A questionnaire such as the following may have been used in this section: The text in this section provides very detailed information about location, cultivation, and medical uses of plants and plant parts, as well as information about the uses of animal products as medicine. It was not until the late eighteenth century that scholars become aware of it, when the bibliographer Angelo Maria Bandini published a description of it in Latin in 1793. In the arid canyonlands of Mexico the race is on for the ultimate end-of-the-world codex—the final 1000-year-old prophesy of the god-king, Quetzalcoatl, who ruled Mexico 1000 years ago. My name is Ian McConnell and today's lesson is about the Florentine Codex. The Matricula has a long list of tributes which stem from the subjected provinces of the Aztecs and is one of the most important sources of information about old Mexico. In partnership with Nahua men who were formerly his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, Sahagún conducted research, organized evidence, wrote and edited his findings. Identify important aspects of the Florentine Codex. Sahagún originally titled it: La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España (in English: The Universal History of the Things of New Spain). Now it was written in 13 volumes with the working title of, A General History of the Things of New Spain, and each volume addressed a certain aspect of life for the Aztecs, such as their gods, local plants and animals, such as this butterfly page, customs and festivals, this page is referencing the Aztec calendar, medicine and healing technique. Let's take a look at our objectives again to see how we did. Kings and Lords. "Gender and Nahua Morality (1558+): An Excerpt from the Florentine Codex, Book 10." The codex consists of twelve books on many aspects of Nahua culture and language, presented in parallel columns of Nahuatl- and Castilian-language alphabetic text, including many illustrations drawn by Nahua artists. Now the idea of a codex, or codices-- codices is plural for codex-- wasn't new to this region as the Mesoamerican people had well-established codex-making traditions at the time of the Spanish conquest. Initially funded in part by the Seaver Institute, the Florentine Codex Initiative recently received additional funding of nearly $2 million from the J. Paul Getty Trust. He did so in the native language of Nahuatl, while comparing the answers from different sources of information. Anderson and Charles Dibble, following in the tradition of nineteenth-century Mexican scholars Francisco del Paso y Troncoso and Joaquín García Icazbalceta. Drawing on her own paleography and transcription of case files, author Ana Pulido Rull shows how much these maps can tell us about the artists who participated in the lawsuits and about indigenous views of the contested lands. [18], The Florentine Codex is a complex document, assembled, edited, and appended over decades. Gods, religious beliefs and rituals, cosmology, and moral philosophy. The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research project in Mesoamerica by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. Many thousands of people died, including friars and students at the school. The pictorial images offer remarkable detail about life in New Spain, but they do not bear titles, and the relationship of some to the adjoining text is not always self-evident. James Lockhart, ed. It was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano, from a Nahuatl original composed in the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in 1552 by Martín de la Cruz that is no longer extant. The history of the Aztecs has been haunted by the spectre of human sacrifice. In their desire to conquer and convert the native people of this region, the Spanish destroyed many of these works. To record and document the great cultural inheritance of the Indigenous peoples of New Spain. page 27. The copies of the work were essentially lost for about two centuries, until a scholar rediscovered it in the Laurentian Library (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) an archive library in Florence, Italy. After a translation mistake, it was given the name Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva España. This article examines the work of the Chicana artist Sandy Rodriguez, who created the Codex Rodriguez-Mondragón, an ongoing project begun in 2017 that consists of botanical illustrations and large-scale maps of California and northern Mexico. The drawings in this section provide important visual information to amplify the alphabetic text. and transl. I'd like to welcome you to this episode of Exploring Art History with Ian. “Ice, Snow and Hail,” Florentine Codex, vol. Sahagún originally titled it: La Historia Universal de las Cosas de Nueva España (in English: The Universal History of the Things of New Spain ). The manuscript pages are generally arranged in two columns, with Nahuatl, written first, on the right and a Spanish gloss or translation on the left. For modern readers, this combination of ways of presenting materials is sometimes contradictory and confusing. James Lockhart, ed. The Merchants. What are the titles, the attributes, or the characteristics of the god? 14, Part 7, eds. He used the expertise of his former students at the. Many different colleges and universities consider ACE CREDIT recommendations in determining the applicability to their course and degree programs. Some are colorful and large, taking up most of a page; others are black and white sketches. [21] Both men present descriptions of the cosmos, society and nature of the late medieval paradigm. Deals with holidays and sacrifices with which these natives honored their gods in times of infidelity. Humanity (society, politics, economics, including anatomy and disease). "[2], Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J. O. Anderson were the first to translate the Codex from Nahuatl to English, in a project that took 30 years to complete. Her publication also contains a transcription of the original Nahuatl version. ca ypampa inic yehuantin quicui lozque ininemilztzin yn ictlalticpacmo Now Franciscan monk, Bernardino de Sahagun, felt that if knowledge of indigenous people's customs and traditions could be preserved, it would make them easier to convert to Catholicism. The three bound volumes of the Florentine Codex are found in the Biblioteca Medicea-Lorenziana Palat. Deals with foretelling these natives made from birds, animals, and insects in order to foretell the future. Fr. Now that you've seen the lesson, are you able to identify and define today's key terms? He worked on this project from 1545 up until his death in 1590. Key terms, as always, are listed in yellow throughout the lesson. The Florentine Codex Misrendered images reßect imperfect literacy " Colonial Transcription El … He reported the worldview of people of Central Mexico as they understood it, rather than describing the society exclusively from the European perspective. * The American Council on Education's College Credit Recommendation Service (ACE Credit®) has evaluated and recommended college credit for 33 of Sophia’s online courses. The content of this codex is shared partially with that of the Codice Mendocino (Codex Mendoza); both together representing the most important source with regards to the territorial and economic… These shaped the late medieval approach to the organization of knowledge.[20]. Marcelino de Civezza in 1879. And that's it. Florentine Codex was written over the course of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun's lifetime primarily from 1545 to 1590. of the Codex on the grounds that these were more elegant and larger than the rest.^^ According to Baber, writing much later, the type was made *at the sole expense' of Woide himself.^^ There were about 450 ordinary copies, at two guineas each, twenty-five on fine paper at five guineas, and ten on vellum. Color was also used as a vehicle to impart knowledge that worked in tandem with the image itself. The Florentine Codex serves as one of the most important examples of early ethnography and cultural preservation in history. The Origin of the Gods. A sixteenth-century manuscript known as the Florentine Codex is an outstanding example of graphic pluralism in early colonial Mexico. The information he collected is a major contribution to the history of medicine generally. [38], Many passages of the texts in the Florentine Codex present descriptions of like items (e.g., gods, classes of people, animals) according to consistent patterns. For instance, the following questions appear to have been used to gather information about the gods for Book One: For Book Ten, "The People," a questionnaire may have been used to gather information about the social organization of labor and workers, with questions such as: This book also described some other indigenous groups in Mesoamerica. The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. General History of the Things of New Spain. His interest was likely related to the high death rate at the time from plagues and diseases. Florentine Codex was written over the course of Fray Bernardino de Sahagun's lifetime primarily from 1545 to 1590. Can you explain how the Florentine Codex is one of the first examples of ethnography? Bernardino originally titled it: La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espana (in English: the General History of the Things of New Spain ). and trans., We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). and transl. Once again the big idea for today, is that the Florentine Codex is one of the very first examples of ethnography. Sahagún originally titled it: La Historia Universal de las Cosas de Nueva España (in English: the Universal History of … © 2021 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Fr. The twelve books of the Florentine Codex are organized in the following way: Book 12, the account of the conquest of Mexico from the point of view of the conquered of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco is the only strictly historical book of the Historia General. Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy. Book Two—The Ceremonies Codex en Cruz Florentine Codex. ", Alfredo López Austin, "The Research Method of Fray Bernardino De Sahagún: The Questionnaires," in. This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 05:50. [19] Sahagún's goals of orienting fellow missionaries to Aztec culture, providing a rich Nahuatl vocabulary, and recording the indigenous cultural heritage are at times in competition within the work. Bernadino de Sahagún, and it attempts to catalogue the entire Aztec worldview. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana/Donato Pineider, Florence. And can you identify pages from the Florentine Codex? [28] The figures were drawn in black outline first, with color added later. The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún. The 2012 World Digital Library high-resolution digital version of the manuscript makes it fully accessible online to all those interested in this source for Mexican and Aztec history.[14]. What ceremonies were performed in his honor? Much later, the discipline of anthropology would later formalize these as ethnography. '^** A review appeared in the Gentleman's It documents the culture, religious cosmology (worldview) and ritual practices, society, economics, and natural history of the Aztec people. [8], The Spanish Royal Academy of History learned of this work and, at the fifth meeting of the International Congress of Americanists, the find was announced to the larger scholarly community. [9] Mexican scholar Francisco del Paso y Troncoso received permission in 1893 from the Italian government to copy the alphabetic text and the illustrations. Deals with gods worshipped by the natives of this land, which is New Spain. As bloody priests and brutal warriors, the Aztecs have peopled the pages of history, myth and fiction, their spectacular violence dominating perceptions of their culture and casting a veil over their unique way of life. It is annotated in Nahuatl and details the preconquest history of the Valley of Mexico, and Texcoco in particular, from the arrival of the Chichimeca under the king Xolotl in the year 5 Flint (1224) to the Tepanec War in 1427. Earthly Things. Sections of Books Ten and Eleven describe human anatomy, disease, and medicinal plant remedies. He described this work as an explanation of the "divine, or rather idolatrous, human, and natural things of New Spain. It has been described as "one of the most remarkable accounts of a non-Western culture ever composed. Bernardino de Sahagún, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain; Book 7 -- The Sun, Moon, and Stars, and the Binding of the Venus, No. As you're watching the video feel free to pause, move forward or rewind as often as you feel it's necessary, and as soon as you're ready we can begin. And fortune-telling arts varying skill, created the images p. 278 substantiate historians ' claim that was. 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