[citation needed] In 1648 the Cossack Semyon Dezhnyov opened the now famous Bering Strait between America and Asia. Pictures; Andrey Golovnev, Professor from Ural Federal University, prepared a report for the International Northern Archaeological Congress. By the 17th century they established a continuous sea route from Arkhangelsk as far east as the mouth of Yenisey. He later explored further north into the Arctic and Hudson Bay for the Passage.[5][6]. U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict landed a plane at the Pole on May 3, 1952, accompanied by the scientist Albert P. These journeys were part of military explorations stimulated by the Cold War context. On March 17, 1959, the USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced on the North Pole and dispersed the ashes of explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins. Nevertheless, his tales were regarded as fantasy by later Greek and Roman authorities, such as the geographer Strabo. They were heavily criticized for not understanding Vietnam's culture and history. Founded by Aleister Crowly in the early 20th century, the Thelema religion is both intriguing and mysterious. The Northwest Passage connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the Arctic Ocean. [1] Dangerous oceans and poor weather conditions often fetter explorers attempting to reach polar regions and journeying through these perils by sight, boat, and foot has proven difficult. His report spurred Erik the Red, an outlawed chieftain, to establish a settlement there in 985. The period of Arctic exploration covers almost 2500 years, starting with the Greek, Pytheas of Massalia (Marseilles) in 320 B.C. With all the amazing discoveries hidden in the ice and water, Arctic exploration can truly be considered a new scientific frontier. [17], On May 9, 1926, Americans Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claimed to have flown over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m Tri-motor monoplane. His three years in the expedition only made him more curious about Antarctic exploration and for nearly 20 years he kept venturing into the Poles, recording anything he possibly could from these parts of the world. [1] Sailing past the Pillars of Hercules, he reached Brittany and then Cornwall, eventually circumnavigating the British Isles. One of the earliest and most important explorers of the region was Henry Hudson, a very capable navigator who made … Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage by sea in 1851 when he looked across M'Clure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. Buy A History of Arctic Exploration: Discovery, Adventure and Endurance at the Top of the World First Edition by Juha Nurminen And Matti Laineman (ISBN: 9781844860692) from Amazon's Book Store. Pomor activity in Northern Asia declined and the bulk of exploration in the 17th century was carried out by Siberian Cossacks, sailing from one river mouth to another in their Arctic-worthy kochs. The Northern Sea Route (capitalized) as currently officially defined by Russian Federation law includes shipping lanes falling within Russia's EEZ and extending from the Kara Sea to the Bering Strait along the Russian northern coast. A total of 58,318 US military personnel reportedly died in the war. A history of Arctic exploration 29/04/2019 11:14 Written by Tony Soper. Ostensibly, McCannon's "A History of the Arctic" is a history of a geographic region, the waters and land that have fluctuated north of 60°N, from the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch roughly 2.6 million years ago to the present. Shell’s recent aborted venture grabbed headlines, but it wasn’t the first foray into the polar region and may not be the last. His first journey to Antarctica in the 1800s was made possible thanks to his service as a British Royal Navy officer. And while it definitely has the appeal of adrenaline and primal survival instincts, it’s also incredibly dangerous. No one has completed this journey since. On 2 August 2007, during Arktika 2007 Russian manned submersibles were the first to descend to the sea-bed below the pole. The "Northern Sea Route" is defined as a specific portion of such routes. [citation needed] The Inventio Fortunata, a lost book, describes in a summary written by Jacobus Cnoyen but only found in a letter from Gerardus Mercator, voyages as far as the North Pole. [11] The only usable route, linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was first used by John Rae in 1851. Davis rounded Greenland before dividing his four ships into separate expeditions to search for a passage westward. He did it as part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Hillary is also the first person in history to travel to both Poles — his first journey to the North Pole was in 1985 and accompanied by none other than Neil Armstrong! They then founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula in the early 16th century. This is the first undisputed sighting of the Pole. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of Vinland, Markland, and Helluland that they discovered. However, their claim to have reached the Pole is disputed.[18]. These classified documents were shared with the New York Times by a Department of Defense employee. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Concise chronology of approach to the poles, Scott Polar Research Institute. Not long after, she crossed Greenland from East to West, and in 2001, she skied across Antarctica, becoming the first woman to accomplish both feats. However, the strait was blocke… In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by John Ross, William Edward Parry, James Clark Ross; and overland expeditions led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae. Some years later, Steven Borough, the master of Chancellor's ship, made it as far as the Kara Sea, when he was forced to turn back because of icy conditions.[7]. It was Bering who gave their current names to Diomede Islands, discovered and first described by Dezhnev.[9]. On 2 May 2007, BBC's Top Gear reached the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996)) in a modified Toyota Hilux. History of the Arctic exploration. [citation needed], In the mid-16th century, John Cabot's son Sebastian helped organize just such an expedition, led by Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor. Due to the threat of growing communism, the US gradually took a more prominent role in the conflict. Many modern explorers, including Olympic skiers using modern equipment, contend that Peary could not have reached the pole on foot in the time he claimed. McCannon discusses polar exploration and science, nation-building, diplomacy, environmental issues, and climate change, and the role indigenous populations have played in the arctic’s story. New content will be added above the current area of focus upon selection It was the ancient Greeks who first came up with the idea of Antarctica. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage by sea in 1851[10] when he looked across M'Clure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. Part of their reasoning was that it was a small nation. On August 3, 1958, the American submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) reached the North Pole without surfacing. In 1648 the most famous of these expeditions, led by Fedot Alekseev and Semyon Dezhnev, sailed east from the mouth of Kolyma to the Pacific and doubled the Chukchi Peninsula, thus proving that there was no land connection between Asia and North America. This part of the world has always intrigued him, and he shared that interest with Sir John Ross, his uncle. While they flourished initially, these settlements eventually foundered due to changing climatic conditions (see Little Ice Age). However, in the harsh environment, they were not self-sufficient and required supplies, which were transported from Norway and Iceland across the sea. A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation: McCannon, John: Amazon.sg: Books History of the Arctic exploration. Fast and free shipping free returns cash on … Other notable feats of his include charting the Antarctic coastline and discovering the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ross Sea, and two volcanos (Mount Terror and Mount Erebus). Early Russian exploration By the end of the 16th century, the Russians had established a commercial route via the Arctic to the fur-trading centre of Mangazeya on the Taz River in western Siberia. Though England's efforts were interrupted in 1587 because of the Anglo-Spanish War, Davis's favorable reports on the region and its people would inspire explorers in the coming century. Especially when the part of the world being explored is the Arctics. Greenland's early settlers sailed westward, in search of better pasturage and hunting grounds. He is one of the first and most famous Antarctic explorers in history. Before Christians devote their personal time praying and sacrificing for a period of 40 days during the season of Lent, there is a moment for celebration. This activity began in the 16th cent. Humans have been exploring the North American Arctic for centuries, beginning about 5,000 years ago when Palaeoeskimos were looking for a homeland, followed by the Thule — ancestors of the Inuit. T he faded sign is nothing more than a simple wooden board, a faint white hand painted on its center, the index finger pointing ahead. In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by John Ross, William Edward Parry, James Clark Ross; and overland expeditions led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae. The Scandinavian peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. However, we are most concerned with the history of Atlantic Arctic exploration here, particularly that which concerns the Svalbard Archipelago. [citation needed]. Adriana Craciun is still asking questions. [3] One widely disputed claim is that two brothers from Venice, Niccolo and Antonio Zeno, allegedly made a map of their journeys to that region, which were published by their descendants in 1558.[4]. At the end of this trip, he walked into the city of Eagle, Alaska, and sent a telegram announcing his success. The Vietnam War was also known as the Second Indochina War. The Vikings sailed from Iceland and first settled in Greenland in 981. The entire route lies in Arctic waters and parts are only totally free of ice for about two months per year, making it a very perilous journey. In the 10th century, Gunnbjörn Ulfsson got lost in a storm and ended up within sight of the Greenland coast. James Cook until 1770, while much of the Arctic and Antarctic were not explored until the 20th century. Europeans began exploring the Arctic in the Elizabethan era when English seamen sought a shortcut to Asia by the seas north of America — the so-called Northwest Passage. At the time of the Vietnam War, world leaders feared that communism might spread from one nation to the next. The First Indochina War broke out between the communist North and the French-backed resistance in the South. Although they won almost all the major military encounters with their enemies, they still lost the war on a political and social level. His route was not commercially practical; in addition to the time taken, some of the waterways were extremely shallow.[13]. The Pechenga Monastery on the north of Kola Peninsula was founded by Russian monks in 1533; from their base at Kola, the Pomors explored the Barents Region, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya—all of which are in the Arctic Circle. Adriana Craciun is still asking questions. The Americans relied on massive firepower and air superiority. Buy A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation by McCannon, John online on Amazon.ae at best prices. No place on earth.. On January 17, 1920, a constitutional ban on the sale, importation, production, and transportation of alcohol made America a dry country. In 1585, under the employ of Elizabeth I, the English explorer John Davis entered Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island. The history of Antarctic exploration includes national and international politics, social change, scientific and technological advances, economics and even the exploration of the Arctic. Although these expeditions failed, new coasts and islands were discovered. Russian settlers and traders on the coasts of the White Sea, the Pomors, had been exploring parts of the northeast passage as early as the 11th century. The progress of the Vietnam War was documented and compiled in a file known as the Pentagon Papers. [citation needed] They are believed to have survived until around 1450. It was not until in 1878 that Finnish-Swedish explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld made the first complete passage of the North East Passage from west to east, in the Vega expedition. Rae used a pragmatic approach of traveling by land on foot and dog sled, and typically employed less than ten people in his exploration parties. 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